Изобретение автомобиля на английском языке

Содержание

Генри Форд (Henry Ford)

337

Henry Ford was born near Dearborn, in the United States, in July 1863. As a boy, he enjoyed playing with clocks and machines. It was a great experience for the person who would create the first affordable car.

Cars had already been built in Europe when Ford tested his first vehicle in 1899. It had wheels like a bicycle’s and a gasoline-powered engine that made it move. It was called a Quadricycle and had only two speeds and no reverse. In four years Ford had started the Ford Motor Company. His ideas about making automobiles would change history.

Carmakers at that time used parts that were made by other companies and put them all together. Ford’s company made every part that went into its cars. What’s more, the company made sure that each kind of part was the same.

In 1908 Ford introduced the Model «T». This car worked well and wasn’t expensive. It was a big success, but the company couldn’t manufacture them quickly. In 1913 Henry Ford built a large factory with the conveyor.

Instead of having workers go from car to car, the cars moved gently down a line while mechanics stood in place adding parts to them. Each worker added a different part until a whole car was put together. It helped to produce more cars. By 1918 half of all automobiles in the United States of America were Model «Ts». Ford’s company became the largest machine manufacturer in the world. And Ford had transformed the process of manufacturing.

Генри Форд родился недалеко от Дирборна, в Соединенных Штатах, в июле 1863 года. В детстве он любил играть с часами и машинами. Это был хороший опыт для человека, который построит первый доступный автомобиль.

Автомобили уже производились в Европе, когда Форд экспериментировал со своим первым автомобилем в 1899 году. У него были колеса, похожие на велосипедные, и бензиновый двигатель, который заставлял его двигаться. Он назывался Квадроциклом и имел только две скорости и не имел обратного хода. В течение четырех лет Форд основал Форд Мотор Компани. Его идеи, связанные с созданием автомобилей изменили историю.

В то время автопроизводители использовали детали, изготовленные другими компаниями, и соединили их все вместе. Компания Форда делала каждую деталь, из которых собирались автомобили самостоятельно. Более того, компания позаботилась о том, чтобы каждый вид детали был одинаковым.

В 1908 году Ford представил модель «T». Этот автомобиль работал хорошо и не был дорогим. Это был большой успех, но компания не могла производить их быстро. В 1913 году Генри Форд построил большой завод с конвейером.

Вместо того, чтобы рабочие переходили от машины к машине, машины медленно двигались по линии, пока рабочие стояли на месте, добавляя к ним запчасти. Каждый рабочий добавлял свою деталь, и так пока не соберется целая машина. Это помогло произвести больше автомобилей. К 1918 году половина всех машин в Соединенных Штатах Америки была моделью «Т». Компания Форда стала крупнейшим производителем автомобилей в мире. И Форд произвел революцию в процессе производства.

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Презентация по английскому языку «История изобретения автомобиля»

Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:

The history of invention of the automobile.

The first known drawings of the vehicle are owned by Leonardo da Vinci, but there is no information about the existence of the current instance these days. In 2004, experts from the Museum of the History of Science in Florence, were able to restore the drawings this car, thus proving the correctness of the idea of Leonardo. During the Renaissance and later ‘self-propelled’ carts and wagons were built in the same quantities to participate in masquerades and parades in several European countries.

In 1791, the Russian inventor Ivan Kulibin was made «self-propelled carriage.»

The most important trends in the global automotive industry in the beginning of the XXI century is the attention to improved environmental and economic engines, the development of hybrid systems, enhance security, improve traction properties (all-wheel drive, electronic driving aid), «intellectualization» of the car. Widely distributed and front-wheel drive. In the modern era of fast growing as fuel efficiency and engine power.

Now has changed and the types of bodies. Today, the market is dominated by three types of body: hatchback, minivan and SUV. All three types were originally created as a practical body, but turned into a modern powerful luxury crossover SUV and sports wagon. The growing popularity of utility vehicles (pickup trucks) in the U.S. has changed the face of the cars around the world. Today, these «trucks» occupy more than half of the world automotive market.

With the escalating costs on gas future car moves toward energy conservation, hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles.

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Реферат по английскому языку на тему Автомобили/ Automobiles с переводом читать

Представлен реферат по английскому языку на тему Автомобили/ Automobiles с переводом читать бесплатно.

Автомобили или машины являются одним из самых удивительных открытий 20-го века. Считается, что они полностью изменили современное общество. Они оказали огромное влияние на то, как люди живут и работают в настоящее время. Автомобили или любые другие транспортные средства дали людям возможность двигаться и путешествовать быстрее. Используя транспорт, люди легко передвигаются из одного города в другой на работу. История автомобилей началось в 1886 году, когда немецкий изобретатель Карл Бенц изобрел самодвижущийся экипаж на замену обычным тележкам с животными. Первый современный автомобиль был представлен в 1908 году Генри Фордом. Сегодня существуют тысячи автомобилей, которые отвечают потребностям каждого человека, от роскошных видов до практичных и эргономичных. Помимо автомобилей, люди используют общественный транспорт в целях передвижения, включая трамваи, автобусы, маршрутки, пригородные поезда и т.д.

Существуют различные мнения на счет автомобилей и их воздействия. Например, некоторые люди думают, что они улучшили нашу жизнь, а некоторые находят их опасными для здоровья и вовсе не нужными. Современный эквивалент автомобилей – это велосипед. Прежде всего, у него нет двигателя, и не требуется топлива для передвижения. Таким образом, велосипед самый экологичный транспорт. Во-вторых, велосипеды не способствуют шумовому загрязнению и не блокируют дороги. В-третьих, езда на велосипеде поддерживает людей в хорошей форме и здравии. Однако, существуют миллионы людей, которые никогда не отказались бы от автомобилей, поскольку они обеспечивают комфорт и удобство. Они не зависят от плохих погодных условий, они позволяют пассажирам просто сидеть и наслаждаться поездкой, что являлось невозможным в 19 веке, когда люди полагались на животных.

Некоторые видные люди утверждают, что автомобили улучшили качество жизни и экономики во многих странах. Например, с появлением автомобилей скорость транспортировки товаров и услуг заметно увеличилась. Кроме того, было создано много рабочих мест, связанных с дорожно-строительной техникой. Социальная жизнь также улучшилась. Благодаря машинам, люди могут ездить друг к другу в любое время и оставаться сколько захотят. Общественный транспорт имеет ограниченные часы работы. Экономика, как говорят, улучшилась за счет сокращения времени поездки и расходов. Будущее автомобильных технологий пока расплывчато, хотя в разработке есть некоторые успехи. Производители в настоящее время работают над гибридными и полностью автономными машинами. Гибридные автомобили используют два или более источников для передвижения. Чаще всего это электромобили. Автономные автомобили не нуждаются в водителе, и они уже запущены в действие.

Automobiles or cars are one of the most amazing discoveries of the 20th century. They are thought to have completely changed modern society. They’ve had a huge impact on the way people live and work now. Automobiles or any other motor vehicles gave people the opportunity to move and travel faster. Using transport, people easily commute from one town to another to get to work. The history of automobiles started in 1886, when German inventor Karl Benz invented a motorized wagon to replace ordinary, animal-drafted carriages. First modern car was introduced in 1908 by Henry Ford. Today, there are thousands of cars which meet every person’s needs, from luxury types to practical and ergonomic ones. Apart from cars, people use public transportation for travel purposes, including trams, buses, mini vans, local trains, etc.

There are different opinions on automobiles and their impact. For example, some people think that they have improved our life, but some find them health dangerous and unnecessary. Modern equivalent of cars is the bicycle. First of all, it doesn’t have an engine and doesn’t need fuel to move. This has made a bicycle the most eco-friendly vehicle. Secondly, bicycles are not noise pollutants and they don’t block the roads. Thirdly, riding a bicycle keeps people fit and in good shape. However, there are millions of people who would never abandon cars as they provide comfort and convenience. They don’t depend on bad weather conditions, they let the passengers sit back and enjoy the ride, which was impossible in the 19th century when people relied on animals.

Some prominent people state that automobiles have improved the quality of life and economy in many countries. For example, with the appearance of cars the rate at which goods and services are transacted significantly increased. Other than that, many jobs, involving road construction, have been created. Social life has also been improved. Thanks to cars, people can visit each other at any time and stay as long as they wish. Public transport has limited hours of work. The economy is said to be improved due to reduced travel time and expenses. The future of car technologies is vague, although there are some advances being developed. The manufacturers work on hybrid and fully autonomous cars at the moment. Hybrid cars use two or more sources to move. Most commonly they are electric vehicles. Autonomous cars are driverless and they already exist in prototype.

Источник

Скажите пожайлуста как изобрели машину. Рассказ по английски

Who invented the car is a simple enough question, but the answer is far more complicated as there was no ‘eureka’ moment, but rather a gradual evolution of automobile milestones.

But, the car as we know it, propelled by an internal combustion petrol engine, was first successfully road-tested and patented by Karl Freidrich Benz in Germany in 1886. The three-wheel vehicle was propelled by a four-cycle internal combustion engine and in the same year another famous name associated with motoring and fellow German, Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler, along with his partner Wilhelm Maybach also produced an automobile but complete with the world’s first four-stroke engine. The first Briton to build a motor car was a plumber and gas fitter by the name of Fred Bremer, who at the tender age of 20 in 1892 started construction of his four-wheeled, petrol driven car, which he first drove on the open road two years later.

But it was brothers Frank and Charles Duryea, who became the first American car manufacturers in 1893 and indeed it was also in the USA that mass production became the standard for car manufacture. In 1901 Ransome Eli Olds introduced the basic assembly line in Detroit and became the largest manufacturer of cars. By 1913 however, Henry Ford had developed an assembly plant in Highland Park, Michigan that included a conveyor belt which drastically reduced production times; a Model T took 93 minutes to build from start to finish, and as a result his company became the world’s largest manufacturer. By 1927 over 15million Model T’s had been built at the plant.

Источник

Методические указания по английскому языку «История развития автомобилестроения»

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов специальности «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт двигателей, систем и агрегатов автомобилей» по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)». В пособие включены технические тексты и тексты для дополнительного чтения. Материал представлен для изучения и закрепления специальной лексики будущих специалистов.

Содержимое разработки

ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

образовательное учреждение Нижегородской области

«КРАСНОБАКОВСКИЙ ЛЕСНОЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

Зам. директора по УР

по дисциплине «Английский язык»

для студентов II курса

«История развития автомобилестроения»

для специальности 23.02.07 «Техническое обслуживание

и ремонт двигателей, систем и агрегатов автомобилей»

на заседании предметно-цикловой

комиссии общеобразовательных дисциплин ПРОТОКОЛ № от « » сентября 2019г. Председатель ПЦК _ ____________ _____

преподаватель иностранных языков

History of the automobile ……………………………………………….….

Inventors of the first cars…………………………………………………….

Russian automobile engineering. …………. …………………….…….……

HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE

Задание 1. Выпишите новые слова и словосочетания:

to propel a vehicle – передвижное транспортное средство

steam-driven carriage – экипаж, приводимый в движение паром

three-wheeled carriage – 3-колесный экипаж

conventional vehicles – обычное средство передвижения

steam-engine – паровой двигатель

to run at slow speed – двигаться на малой скорости

internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

steam-powered engine – паровой двигатель

four-stroke cycle engine – двигатель 4- тактовый

battery-powered – питание от батареи

gallon of fuel – галон топлива

gear-box – коробка передач

burner – камера сгорания

Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

The history of the automobile goes back several hundred years. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by sir Isaac Newton about 1680. It was little more than a toy consisting of a steam boiler supplying a steam jet turned to the rear.

However, the credit for building the first self-propelled road vehicle must undoubtedly go to the French military engineer, Nicholas Cugnot ( Кюньо ). Between 1763 and 1769 two steam-driven carriages were built and tried.

In 1784 the Russian inventor Kulibin built a three-wheeled carriage. In his vehicle he used for the first time such new elements as brakes, rollers and a gear –box. The first Englishman to build a full-size self-propelled vehicle for use on the roads and to obtain practical results was Threvithick ( Тревитик ). Between 1798-1800 he built several working models.

Up to 1860 most of road vehicles were powered by steam engines which ran at slow speeds. In 1860 Lenior ( Ленуар ) of Paris built an internal combustion engine which ran on city gas, the gas being ignited by an electric spark. In 1866, Otto invented the type of four-stroke cycle engine which is used today.

Diesels get better mileage than gasoline engines, and the fuel is usually cheaper. In 1890’s, Rudolf Diesel, invented the engine that bears his name. As air is drawn into the engine and compressed internal temperatures rise, and pressures reach two to three times those in a gasoline engine. The extreme pressures have meant that diesels usually are much larger and heavier than gasoline engines of the same power potential.

The turbine and Stirling are multifuel engines, capable of running on any liquid that will burn, including such exotic types as peanut oil and perfume. This would be a major advantage if severe petroleum shortages develop.

The turbine cars now operating are handbuilt models that cost more than 1 million dollars each. Alloys of precious metals of high durability are still required for certain vital turbine parts. Engineers believe that progress in ceramics hold the key to making turbines practical alternatives to present-day engines.

Задание 3. Answer the questions.

1. Who made an attempt to propel a vehicle?

2. Who built the first self-propelled road vehicle?

3. What kind of carriage did the Russian inventor Kulibin build in 1784?

4. What did Kulibin use in his vehicle for the first time?

5. What were all road vehicles up to 1860 powered by?

6. What did Lenoir built in 1860?

7. How did an internal combustion engine run on?

8. When was the four-stroke cycle engine invented?

9. What are the main factors that are important search for different engines?

10. Why are these factors very important?

11. What are the disadvantages of diesel?

12. When was the Stirling engine invented?

13. Will electric cars replace the conventional vehicles?

14. What kind of engine will dominate in the near future?

Задание 4. Выпишите предложения где говорится:

a) o первых попытках использовать механическую энергию для приведения в движение экипажа;

б) об основных требованиях, предъявляемых к автомобилю.

Задание 5. Выберите утверждения, соответствующие содержанию текста.

1. The history of the automobile goes back.

b) a thousand years;

с ) several hundred years.

2. Diesels are usually much larger and heavier than.

a) gasoline engines;

c) Stirling engines.

3. The disadvantages of diesels are.

4. The turbine and Stirling are multifuel engines, capable of running on.

b) peanut oil and perfume;

Задание 6. Прочтите текст еще раз, обращая внимание на даты, цифры и связанные с ними факты. Выпишите эти предложения.

Задание 7. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания:

vehicle, mechanical power, self-propelled, was constructed, a steam-driven carriages, wheels, passengers, motor cars, issued, prosecuted, of gasoline engines, introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation, two-seated cars, efficient, international combustion engine, abolition, automobile industry, collect antique cars, advertisements.

1) In …. a steam engine was built in Great Britain.

2) From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application…

3) The cars of that time were very small…

4) Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are…

5) The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity –…

Задание 9. Расскажите об истории автомобилестроения, используя следующие выражения и глаголы:

the history of the automobile mechanical power, a steam boiler, selfpropelled, vehicle steam-driven carriages, brakes, gear-box, steam engines, internal-combustion engine, air-pollution, diesel engines, turbine cars, Stirling engine;

to go back, to propel, to build, to use, to obtain, to be powered by, to invent, to reduce, to produce, to offer, to involve, to dominate.

Задание 10. Подберите к слову его описание.

a. to make or draw plans for something, for example clothes or buildings

b. damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste

c. a road vehicle with an engine, four wheels, and seats for a small number of people

d. to start to burn

e. a substance that is used to provide heat or power, usually by being burned

f. the process of making or growing goods to be sold

g. a vehicle with four wheels that is usually pulled by horses and was used mainly in the past

h. a machine that uses the energy from liquid fuel or steam to produce movement

i. a person whose job is to repair or control machines, engines, or electrical equipment

j. a machine, usually with wheels and an engine, used for transporting people or goods on land, especially on roads

History of the automobile

The Ford Model T (foreground) and Volkswagen Beetle (background) are among the most mass-produced car models in history.

The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences.

In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot.

In 1808, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen.

In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine, which he placed on a pushcart, building four progressively sophisticated combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year span that influenced later cars. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine. The car’s second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-powered engine, an ingenious carburetor design and magneto ignition. He created an additional two models further refining his design with steering, a clutch and a brake.

The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that still constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel. The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in principle by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838. The battery electric car owes its beginnings to Ányos Jedlik, one of the inventors of the electric motor, and Gaston Planté, who invented the lead–acid battery in 1859.

In 1885, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile. This is also considered to be the first «production» vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies. The automobile was powered by a single cylinder four-stroke engine.

In 1913, the Ford Model T, created by the Ford Motor Company five years prior, became the first automobile to be mass-produced on a moving assembly line. By 1927, Ford had produced over 15,000,000 Model T automobiles.

At the turn of the 20th century electrically powered automobiles became a popular alternative method of automobile propulsion.

INVENTORS OF THE FIRST CARS

Задание 1. Выпишите новые слова и словосочетания:

продвигать, современный, преимущество

candle, candle light

свеча, свет от свечи

internal combustion engine

двигатель внутреннего сгорания

передвигаться на топливе

rubber, rubber solution

резина, каучуковый раствор

Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Over the centuries, man’s way of life was changed by a relatively small number of discoveries and inventions. But changes have come more and more often since the steam engine was invented in 1765 by James Watt. In just two hundred years, man advanced from horsepower and candle light to aeroplanes and neon lams. Our ideas about travel have changed completely since Gottlieb Daimler and Charles Benz built their first petrol engine in 1885 and the Wright Brothers made the first flight in 1903.

In 1897 Rudolf Diesel invented a new internal combustion engine. It is known as a diesel and it began a transport revolution in cars, lorries, trains and ships. The main advantage of diesels is that they run on rather cheap fuel.

Charles Rolls was a British aristocrat and businessman, who was especially interested in cars. Once he met another enthusiast of cars Henry Royce, a famous car engineer. They decided to design the most comfortable and reliable car. At the beginning of the 20 th century it seemed to be a fantasy. But in 1907 they managed to create the world – famous Rolls – Royce car. It was so comfortable and reliable that one of the models “Silver ghost” hadn’t changed greatly for 20 years since 1907.

Samuel Colt, who was an American, designed and patented a pistol in 1836. It had a revolving barrel and could fire 6 bullets one after the other. It was the first pistol of its kind. Later there came many other pistols with 6 bullets.

Charles Makintosh was a chemist by profession. He worked in a textile industry and in 1823 he developed a rubber solution used for raincoat production. Raincoats with this rubber solution didn’t allow water to penetrate. These raincoats were called makintoshes and people use them in rainy weather.

Some people say we live in the age of computers; but it is also correctly described as the atomic age or the space age. Today, a journey from London to Cairo takes hours. Only a hundred years ago it took weeks. Today, men think seriously of going to Mars. 50 years ago they only dreamt about it. Today we produce energy by splitting the atom. A century ago, no one believed it could be split. Due to inventions, technology has advanced so quickly that cars and televisions are out of date only a few years after they were made.

Задание 3. Соедините части предложения

a. very popular even nowadays

2. A new internal combustion engine…

b. was the most comfortable and reliable car.

3. The main advantage of diesels is…

c. was invented by Rudolf Diesel.

4. The world famous Rolls Royce car…

d. was invented by James Watt.

5. All the cars produced by the firm “Daimler-Benz”…

e. was a car engineer by profession.

f. were called “Mercedes-Benz”.

7. A German engineer Rudolf Diesel …

g. made his famous invention in 1897.

h. that they run on rather cheap fuel.

Задание 4. Выберите продолжение предложений

Changes in the man’s way of life have become more evident since

the discovery of a pistol with 6 bullets;

the birth of Edison, one of the greatest inventors;

the first patented invention was registered.

the case of finding something which existed before but was not known to people. It is often a place or a scientific fact;

a difficulty that needs attention and thought in order to solve it;

something that is finished or gained through skill or hard work;

a useful thing or idea which is produced by scientists for the first time.

The “Silver Ghost” model was

famous for its reliability and comfort;

created by Wright brothers;

one of the best racing cars at the beginning of the 20 th century.

named after its creator Tom Silver.

Due to the development of a rubber solution

raincoats were called makintoshes;

a transport revolution began;

the production of waterproof raincoats was quite successful;

raincoats became very popular.

Задание 5. Поставьте предложения в хронологическом порядке.

These two inventors managed to design the most reliable and comfortable car for the beginning of the last century.

He invented the first gun with 6 bullets.

This invention got its name after the inventor and is used in rainy weather.

The invention of this engine gave birth to a large number of other discoveries and inventions.

This invention is used nowadays all over the world though there were some other inventions on analogy in the 19 th century.

Last century was remarkable for the introduction of the laser, the proliferation of calculators and computers and a revolution in the telecommunication industry

The main advantage of that invention was that it used rather cheap fuel.

Задание 6. Допишите предложения, используя текст:

Changes have come more and more often since…

The main advantages of diesels is …

Charles Rolls was a British aristocrat and businessman…

Some people say we live ….

Задание 7. Напишите, что изобрели эти люди:

Задание 8. Заполните пропуски, изменив слова справа

His____ could not be used to protect tall buildings during a storm.

This ______ became very popular because it gave off much heat.

He persuaded the _______ to try locomotives.

The ______ of the colliery bought some engines and began to experiment for himself.

Samuel Morse was the pioneer of the most widely used electrical _____ in the world today.

What he needed was a _____ lamp.

Franklin’s _____ about natural phenomena can be observed from his boyhood.

At that time people were _____ afraid of lightning.

One day he brought a new _______ to the laboratory.

Задание 9. Соедините слова из обоих столбцов, чтобы получились словосочетания, переведите их:

Задание 10. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выпишите выделенные слова с переводом.

Inventors on both sides of the Atlantic discovered during the 1880s that technologies for making self-propelled carriages and wagons had progressed dramatically. Soon sundry vehicles powered by steam, internal combustion engines, and electricity were rolling across Germany, France, and the United States.

The first practical internal combustion engine was built by Etienne Lenoir, a Belgian living in France. Patented in 1860, his water-cooled contraption burned coal gas and was noisy and inefficient; even so, for two decades it had many buyers. Lenoir’s engine was a clear proof of concept to other inventors, especially in Europe.

Nikolaus Otto, a German, was one of many inspired by Lenoir’s technical and commercial success. Mechanically gifted, Otto sought to improve the Lenoir engine, and in the late 1870s he did. Otto’s four-cycle design embodied features that would become standard in gasoline automobile engines.

The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare parts, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.

The Otto engine and the many clones it spawned, though intended to replace small steam engines in industry, inaugurated the era of the gasoline-powered automobile. Clearly, the compact internal combustion engine was a most suitable technology for the self-propelled vehicle.

Karl Benz, also a German, employed his own Otto-type engine to power a three-wheel carriage in 1885. These tri-wheelers, with a one-cylinder engine that developed 0.8 hp, were put on the market in 1887, perhaps the earliest commercial automobiles.

In 1891 Benz added a four-wheel motorized carriage to his company’s offerings. These automobiles sold well and were widely imitated. In the early 1890s, for example, Planhardet Levassoras well as Pfeugeot in France were peddling cars to the public. Henry Ford, however, was still a long way from building automobiles.

Задание 12. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, в соответствии с содержанием текста и переведите предложения.

1. Inventors on both sides of the Atlantic … during the 1880s that technologies … had progressed dramatically.

3. Otto’s four-cycle design … that would become standard in … engines.

6. Karl Benz … his own Otto-type engine … a three-wheel carriage in 1885.

Задание 13. Ответьте на вопросы и перескажите текст

Who built the first practical internal combustion engine?

Who improved the Lenoir engine?

What era did the Otto engine inaugurate?

Who introduced the First commercial automobile?

Karl Benz and Nicolaus Otto

Benz, Karl (1844 — 1929) was a German inventor of the automobile, who devoted his life to making a horseless vehicle. When Benz’s three-wheeled engine-driven machine (the first «car») appeared on I lie streets in 1885, people couldn’t believe that it moved without the aid of horses. It was a great triumph to him because Benz built a new engine that was lighter and more powerful than any other. He put it onto a chassis and got power from the engine to the wheels. Benz’s first car was a great achievement for him. Everything — the engine, fuel transmission, controls — had been developed and designed by him. The wheels were driven by means of a chain, and there were two speeds.

Nicolaus Otto (June 14, 1832 – January 26, 1891) – one of the most important landmarks in engine design comes from Nicolaus Otto who in 1876 invented an effective gas motor engine—the first practical alternative to the steam engine. Otto built the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine called the «Otto Cycle Engine,» and when he completed his engine, he built it into a motorcycle.

In May 1876, Nicolaus Otto built the first practical four-stroke piston cycle internal combustion engine. He continued to develop his four-stroke engine after 1876 and he considered his work finished after his invention of the first magneto ignition system for low voltage ignition in 1884. Otto’s patent was overturned in 1886 in favor of the patent granted to Alphonse Beau de Roaches for his four-stroke engine. However, Otto built a working engine while Roaches’ design stayed on paper. On October 23, 1877, another patent for a gas motor engine was issued to Nicolaus Otto, and Francis and William Crossley.

In all, Otto built the following engines:

1861 A copy of Lenoir’s atmospheric engine

1862 A four-cycle compressed charge engine (prior to Rochas’s patent) which failed as it broke almost immediately

1864 The first successful atmospheric engine

1876 The four-stroke compressed charge engine which is acknowledged as the «Otto» cycle engine. The term Otto cycle is applied to all compressed charge, four cycle engines.

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (26 February 1725 – 2 October 1804) was a French inventor. He is believed to have built the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle.

French military engineer designed and built the world’s first true automobile, a huge, heavy, steam-powered tricycle.

After serving in the Austro-Hungarian army in the Seven Years’ War, Cugnot returned to Paris in 1763 to devote his time to writing military treatises and tinkering with a number of inventions he had conceived while campaigning.

He built two steam-propelled tractors for hauling artillery, the first in 1769, the second in 1770. The second alone survived and is preserved in the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts, Paris.

This vehicle’s two-piston steam engine was designed independently of Thomas Newcomen and James Watt and was based directly on the theoretical descriptions of the French physicist Denis Papin. The engine in it was the first to employ high-pressure steam expansively without condensation. The carriage was tricycle-mounted, with the single front wheel performing both steering and driving functions. The problems of water supply and maintaining pressure severely handicapped the vehicle, which nevertheless proved the feasibility of steam-powered traction.

Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir

Étienne Lenoir, (born Jan. 12, 1822, Mussy-la-Ville, Belg.—died Aug. 4, 1900, La Varenne-Saint-Hilaire, Fr.), Belgian inventor who devised the first commercially successful internal-combustion engine.

Lenoir’s engine was a converted double-acting steam engine with slide valves to admit the air-fuel mixture and to discharge exhaust products. A two-stroke cycle engine, it used a mixture of coal gas and air. Though only about 4 percent efficient in fuel consumption, it was a smooth-running and durable machine (some machines were in perfect condition after 20 years of continuous operation), and by 1865 more than 400 were in use in France and 1,000 in Britain, used for such low-power jobs as pumping and printing.

In 1862 Lenoir built the first automobile with an internal-combustion engine. He had adapted his engine to run on liquid fuel and with his vehicle made a 6-mile (10-kilometre) trip that required two to three hours. His other inventions include an electric brake for trains (1855), a motorboat using his engine (1886), and a method of tanning leather with ozone.

Gottlieb Daimler, in full Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler, (born March 17, 1834, Schorndorf, Württemberg [Germany]—died March 6, 1900, Cannstatt, near Stuttgart), German mechanical engineer who was a major figure in the early history of the automotive industry.

Daimler studied engineering at the Stuttgart polytechnic institute and then worked in various German engineering firms, gaining experience with engines. In 1872 he became technical director in the firm of Nikolaus A. Otto, the man who had invented the four-stroke internal-combustion engine. In 1882 Daimler and his coworker Wilhelm Maybach left Otto’s firm and started their own engine-building shop. They patented one of the first successful high-speed internal-combustion engines (1885) and developed a carburetor that made possible the use of gasoline as fuel. The two used their early gasoline engines on a bicycle (1885; perhaps the first motorcycle in the world), a four-wheeled (originally horse-drawn) carriage driven by a one-cylinder engine (1886), and a boat (1887). The two men’s efforts culminated in a four-wheeled vehicle designed from the start as an automobile (1889). This commercially feasible vehicle had a framework of light tubing, a rear-mounted engine, belt-driven wheels, and four speeds. In 1890 Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft was founded at Cannstatt, and in 1899 the firm built the first Mercedes car.

Charles Stewart Rolls

Rolls was born in Berkeley Square, London, third son of the 1st Baron Llangattock. Despite his London birth, he retained a strong family connection with his ancestral home of The Hendre, near Monmouth, Wales. After attending Mortimer Vicarage Preparatory School in Berkshire, he was educated at Eton College where his developing interest in engines earned him the nickname dirty Rolls.

In 1894 he attended a private crammer in Cambridge which helped him gain entry to Trinity College, Cambridge where he studied Mechanical and Applied Science. In 1896, at the age of 18, he travelled to Paris to buy his first car, a Peugeot Phaeton, and joined the Automobile Club of France. His Peugeot is believed to have been the first car based in Cambridge, and one of the first three cars owned in Wales. An early motoring enthusiast, he joined the Self-Propelled Traffic Association which campaigned against the restrictions imposed on motor vehicles by the Locomotive Act, and became a founder member of the Automobile Club of Great Britain with which it merged 1897.

RUSSIAN AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

Задание 1. Прочтите текст и переведите его письменно.

The automobile industry in our country has been developed since 1916. Before that time Russia had no automobile industry at all, technical schools had no departments to train specialists in automobile engineering. But in the history of the automobile such names as Shamshurenkov, Blinov, Mamin and other Russian experts in mechanics must be re membered.

The first automobile built by Shamshurenkov, a Russian inventor, was put into motion by the pedalling of the driver himself. Blinov designed and constructed tractor driven by steam engine. Mamin was one of the pioneers in Russian internal combustion engines.

Today Russian automobiles are engineered and built in such a manner that they are able to withstand heavy loads for long periods of operation. The modem automobile is much more than a means of riding from one place to another. The passenger’s safety and comfort must be considered as much as the car’s reliable performance and ability to travel on the highways.

The modern automobile must have a steel body and a steel roof and this roof must be insulated against the summer’s heat and winter’s (old Ventilation is also of great importance. The comfort and convenience of the driver must be taken into consideration too. The automobile must have a heater with special defrosting devices which insure clear vision to the driver. The automobile must have great power for riding, have dependable clutch and brakes, have good riding qualities, good lights, dependable starting and ignition systems, low fuel consumption, as well as long service life.

1. Since what time has the automobile industry been developed in our country?

2. Who are the most famous Russian experts in mechanics?

3. How was the first automobile put into motion?

4. How are Russian automobiles engineered and built today?

Fyodor Abramovich Blinov and Yakov Mamin

The Russian inventor-taught, a creator of the first in the world caterpillar tractor, F.A. Blinov was born in 1827 in the village of Nikolskoye in the family of a serf. In 1840 Blinov received his freedom and began to work on a ship. Soon he became well-known on the Volga as an experienced master for the repairing of equipment. By 1895 Blinov developed the world’s first tractor, in which was installed steam machine. Fyodor Abramovich, the creator of the first in the world tracked tractor was given the rank of “Honorary citizen of the city Balakovo”.

Inventors-self-taught Fyodor Abramovich Blinov and Yakov Mamin glorified Balakovo as the birthplace of the world’s first caterpillar tractor, wheel self-propelled gun and Russian diesel engine; the plant of oil engines and tractors Yakov Mamin in 1915 produced 325 diesel engines, with a total capacity of 5100 horsepower.

Leonty Luk’yanovich Shamshurenkov (1687—1758) was a self-taught Russian inventor of peasant origin, who designed a device for lifting the Tsar Bell onto a bell-tower, constructed in 1752 the first self-propelling or self-running carriage (may be regarded as precursor to both quadrocycle and automobile) and proposed projects of an original odometer and self-propelling sledge.

Caterpillar tracks, track assembly

In 1837, Russian army captain Dmitry Zagryazhsky came up with drawings of a caterpillar drive and applied to the Ministry of Finance for a patent for his invention of a “carriage with a flat chain mechanical caterpillar”. He was granted a patent but his invention did not interest manufacturers at that time and the patent was annulled in 1839. Much later, in 1877, Russian peasant and self-taught inventor Fyodor Blinov completed Zagryazhsky’s unfinshed task and created a wagon that moved on caterpillars. This invention gave the green light to production of tractors and, subsequently, of tanks.

Electrically-powered railway wagons

The invention of an electrically-powered railway wagon was a precondition for the transport revolution that spurred the development of towns and industrial centres. It all started in 1874-1876, when Fyodor Pirotsky conducted a slew of experiments on transmitting electricity over a distance, with one rail serving as a direct conductor and the other, as a reverse conductor. An electric motor, located one kilometre from the power source, worked. A few years later, he conducted an experiment at a railway spur near Sestroretsk. There were 40 people in the wagon. The first electrified tram line was opened as late as 1881 in a Berlin suburb on the basis of designs by the Russian inventor

Igor Sikorsky was another Russian inventor whose potential was fully realized abroad. In 1910, he created the prototype of a rotor-driven device, which successfully got off the ground. In 1912, he created the first hydroplane in the world and then the first multiple-engine aircraft. After the 1917 Revolution in Russia, he had to emigrate to the US, where he established his own company, Sikorsky Aero Engineering Company, using a contribution from remarkable Russian composer Sergei Rachmaninoff. Sikorsky’s first experimental helicopter designed in the United States got off the ground in September 1939. The design of that machine, which has been considered a classic helicopter design for more than fifty years now, has been used for almost 95% helicopters built around the world. In 1942, Sikorsky created a two-seater helicopter.

Задание 1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

4. to put into mass production d. плавное сцепление

5. long service life е. отвечать современным требованиям

to meet up-to-date demands g. надежные тормоза и рулевое управление

dependable brakes and steering

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык встречающиеся в тексте интернациональные слова:

mechanical, mechanism, specialist, industry, phase, technology, process, laboratory, test, fact, automobile, engineer, method, principle, corrosion, type, material, comfortable.

Задание 3. Прочтите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

1. Specialists in automobile industry deal with designing and manufacturing cars, so they should know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases:

working out the technology of manufacturing processes,

mass production (manufacturing).

2. Why is it necessary to know all these facts? It is important to know them as before the automobile (car or truck) is put into mass production, it should be properly designed and the automobile must meet up-to-date requirements.

3. What are these requirements? The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance and pleasant appearance. In order to obtain all these qualities engineers should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars, using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials. Also it is important to know computer science because it is intended to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing. Computers offer quick and optimal solutions of problems.

But before the car is put into mass production all its units and mechanisms are subjected to tests, first in the plant’s laboratory, then the car undergoes a rigid quality control in road tests. Only then the car is put into mass production. Why are these tests required? What qualities are required of the automobile? The modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, must have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes and steering system, as well as pleasant appearance. Also it must be comfortable and have all conveniences.

Задание 5. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 3 и 4.

Задание 6. Ответить на вопросы:

What phases does the production of the automobile comprise?

What requirements must the automobile meet?

Why are cars subjected to road tests?

What qualities are required of the automobile?

Why is it important for the specialists in automobile industry to know computing methods?

Задание 7. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

1. The cars are subjected to road tests in order.

a) to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing

to meet up-to-date requirements

to work out new technological processes

The car must have the following units.

a) high efficiency, long service life, driving safety and pleasant appearance;

b) smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox dependable brakes and steering system.

3. The car must have the following qualities.

a) high efficiency, long service life, driving safety and pleasant appearance;

b) smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox dependable brakes and steering system.

Marie Kavanagh. English for automobile industry. – Oxford Business English, 2016.

Герасимова Л.Ф. Автомобиль: Учебное пособие на английском языке для студентов вузов, обучающихся по специальностям: 150200 – Автомобили и автомобильное хозяйство; 240100 – Организация перевозок и управление на транспорте; 240400 – Организация и безопасность движения. В 2 ч. – Омск: Изд-во СибАДИ, 2002.-205 с.

Г н иненко, А. В. Современный автомобиль как мы его видим : учебник английского языка / А.В. Гниненко. — М.: Астрель: ACT: Транзиткнига, 2005. —461, [3] е.: ил.

Шляхова А.В. Английский язык для студентов автомобилестроительных специальностей средних профессиональных учебных заведений: Учеб. пособие/В.А. Шляхова. – М.: Высшая школа, 2008. – 120 с.: илл.